PKS are a renewable biomass resource widely utilized for energy production. They are hard, fibrous shells derived from palm oil production, typically discarded as waste but increasingly valued for their calorific content. When burned in specialized biomass boilers or co-fired with coal, palm kernel shells release energy in the form of heat, making them a viable alternative fuel. This process not only reduces waste but also contributes to sustainable energy practices.

Wood pellets are a compact and efficient biomass fuel used for energy production. Made from compressed wood waste, they are dried and formed into small, dense pellets. When burned in pellet stoves or boilers, wood pellets provide consistent, high-energy output, serving as an effective alternative to fossil fuels. As a renewable resource, wood pellets promote sustainable energy practices, reducing reliance on non-renewable sources while utilizing lumber industry waste.

Prilled urea is a concentrated nitrogen-based fertilizer commonly used in agriculture. Manufactured by granulating urea into small, uniform prills, it provides an easily dissolvable and efficient source of nitrogen for crops. When applied to soil, prilled urea promotes healthy plant growth and enhances agricultural yield. As a key component in sustainable farming, prilled urea helps optimize nutrient supply, supporting food production while maximizing land use efficiency.

Cement is a vital construction material, created by grinding cement clinker into a fine powder and adding gypsum. This mixture produces a hydraulic binder that, when mixed with water, forms a paste that hardens over time. Cement contains key minerals like calcium silicates and aluminates, which react with water to create a strong, durable matrix. This reaction makes cement an indispensable component in concrete production, ensuring the structural integrity and longevity of buildings and infrastructure.

Cement clinker is a crucial intermediate product in cement manufacturing, formed by heating a precise mixture of limestone, clay, and other additives to a high temperature. This process transforms the raw materials into small, dense nodules called clinker. These nodules, when finely ground, become the key component of cement. Cement clinker contains essential minerals like calcium silicates and aluminates, which react with water to form the binding agent responsible for the strength and durability of concrete.